Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):Cybersecurity assessments based on the Radio Equipment Directive, REDLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
At the end of 2021, the European Commission published an amendment to the Radio Equipment Directive, RED, with the aim of improving the cybersecurity of wireless products in the EU. RISE performs cybersecurity assessments based on the directive.
Purpose/Benefit:
To be sold in the EU, a radio product must meet the requirements of the Radio Equipment Directive. These include efficient use of the radio frequency space, EMC and electrical safety.
Cybersecurity is an important part of the Radio Equipment Directive and there are specific cybersecurity requirements that you as a manufacturer of radio equipment must meet.
We offer theyou help with assessments of your product when it comes to the specific cybersecurity requirements in the directive that affect wireless communication, accordning to RED 3(3) d, e, f.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
We test according to the requirements in the Radio Equipment Directive 3(3)d, e,f. The test is preferably complemented by a penetration test. RISE can offer that as a separate service. You find our offer in penetration testing here.
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
The results of the RISE evaluation are compiled in an accredited RISE report.
Area:Cyber securityContact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically):Ted Strandberg, Projektledare
Field measurements:YesPrice type:1Division:Division Safety and TransportPreparation:No preparation requiredCertification and marking:Not applicableType of service:Not applicableInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Contact our expert below to order the service.Divison (OLD):Division Safety and TransportDelivery level:Accredited
ted.strandberg@ri.se,
/en/personal-data-processing/candidate-database
Purpose - Header:Does your product meet the requirements in RED?Metod - Header:We test according to RED 3(3)d, e, fDelivery - Header:What happens next?More information - Header:More information
RISE offer quality assurance of 3D dimensions, from nanometres to kilometres. We have the capability to measure the form deviations on large scale structures as well as small ones. We are accredited for measuring of large-scale geometries and also operate the National Laboratory for Length and Dimensional Metrology.
Machine hall scanned with an optical 3D scanner.
Image: Jörgen Spetz
Macro: Large-scale (m-km)
The measurement of large-scale dimensions is needed in many areas e.g. to secure the volume of cisterns used in chemical trade or to generate digital twins of large-scale production lines. Which technique is used depends on the accuracy requirements. It is common to use a combination of optical instruments for 3D-scanning alongside temporary references. Other applications could be:
Form deviations of radio telescopes and similar structures.
Validation measurements during assembly of complex constructions or production equipment.
Scanning for digitalisation of cultural heritage sites.
Large scale dimensions indoors as well as outdoors may require positioning in local or geodetic reference frames to be related to other objects. This is achieved by complementary measurements against local reference frames or by georeferencing the measurements with global positioning techniques such as NRTK-GNSS.
RISE is accredited to measure large objects up to 200x200x200 m, with optical coordinate determination. In general, this is done with laser scanners or laser trackers in laboratories, production environment or in the field.
Image of a 10 mm sphere in a coordinate measuring machine (CMM).
Image: Marianne Äremann
Macro: Small-scale (mm-m)
Geometry assurance of small-scale dimensions is critical for industry to assure that a component in Sweden can fit together with components manufactured internationally. Within this area coordinate measuring machines, optical instruments and handheld instruments are common. Other applications could be:
Dimensional verification of medical implants.
Verification measurements to support prototyping.
Calibration of standards used as references for other instruments.
RISE is the designated National Metrological Institute and operates the National Laboratory for Length and Dimensional Metrology. The laboratory follows ISO/IEC 17025:2018.
The letter 'K' on the back of a Swedish 5-krona coin (10X zoom) in a Coherence Scanning Interferometer (CSI)
Image: Helena Björk
Micro: (nm-mm)
Verification of dimensions on the micro-scale is important to secure the function of components and surfaces. Light transmission through small apertures with diameters in tens of µm can be measured by accurate profile measurements, while the reflective properties are affected by surface roughness. Other applications could be:
Geometry assurance of gauges through calibration.
Verification of surface roughness parameters to secure desired function.
Investigation in the effect of manufacturing process has on a specific material.
The National Laboratory for Length and Dimensional Metrology actively participate in research relating to surface roughness.
Contact us today to explore how we can help you achieve your metrology and precision goals.
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):CE marking of measuring instruments, MIDLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
Measuring instruments placed on the European common market must bear the CE mark to demonstrate that they complies with the essential requirements of directive 2014/32/EU. RISE is a Notified Body for assessing a variety of measurement instruments. In its capacity as Notified Body, RISE is entitled to issue the documents that the manufacturer needs
Purpose/Benefit:
It is the manufacturer's responsibility to ensure that the measuring instrument meets the requirements of the directive and that it is CE marked. The term manufacturer means any natural or legal person who places the measuring instrument on the market, under his name or trademark, no matter if he has manufactured the measuring instrument by himself, or has had parts of or all manufacturing made by another company.
The manufacturer must turn to a Notified Body with an application for assessment. The task of the Notified Body is to review the measuring instrument and determine whether the instrument complies to the requirements of the directive. If the Notified body concludes that the measuring instrument meets the requirements, an EU type examination certificate, assessment decision or certificate of conformity will be issued, which the manufacturer can use as part of the documentation required for CE marking.
For some of the measuring instruments, harmonized standards have been developed and are applicable. If the measuring instrument in full comply with a harmonized standard, the requirements of the directive will automatically be met. In cases where a harmonized standard is not applicable, the manufacturer must show how the essential requirements of the directive have been met for the intended use of the instrument. RISE performs an evaluation to verify that the solutions are relevant and that the requirements are fulfilled.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
EU type examination (module B)
The process starts when RISE receives an application from the manufacturer for EU type examination of a measuring instrument in accordance with directive 2014/32/EU. The technical documentation shall be attached to the application. A special application form is available, and this also describes what should be included in the technical documentation.
If the instrument is designed according to a harmonized standard, this will be used as a basis for testing and evaluation. The technical documentation and the results of the tests are evaluated.
In cases where a harmonized standard is not applicable or not complied with, the manufacturer is obligated to describe how the measuring instrument complies with the relevant essential requirements, as an attachment to the application. The description shall also describe the solutions used to fulfil the essential requirements. A plan for evaluation is developed by RISE in consultation with the manufacturer, on how to test the equipment.
Assessment of quality system (module D)
The manufacturer applies to RISE for an assessment of the quality system regarding the manufacture of one or more measuring instruments. The measuring instruments shall have a valid EU / EC type-examination certificate from RISE or any other notified body. The certificates and technical documentation must be attached to the application (not required if RISE has issued the certificates).
RISE, in agreement with the manufacturer, performs an initial assessment of the quality system on site at the manufacturers premises. Follow-up assessment of the quality system then takes place annually.
Conformity to type based on product verification (module F)
The manufacturer applies to RISE for product verification to verify the compliance of the measuring instrument with the EU/EC type examination certificate. Product verification is carried out by testing each measuring instrument or by statistical checks of a batch of measuring instruments.
The measuring instruments must have a valid EU/EC type certificate from RISE or another notified body. The EU/EC type examination certificate and declaration of conformity shall be attached to the application. A special application form is available, and this also describes what must be attached to the application.
Conformity based on unit verification (module G)
The process starts when RISE receives an application from the manufacturer for assessment of a measuring instrument in accordance with directive 2014/32/EU. The technical documentation shall be attached to the application. A special application form is available, and this also describes what should be included in the technical documentation.
If the instrument is designed according to a harmonized standard, this will be used as a basis for testing and evaluation. The technical documentation and the results of the tests are evaluated.
In cases where a harmonized standard is not applicable or not complied with, the manufacturer is obligated to describe how the measuring instrument complies with the relevant essential requirements, as an attachment to the application. The description shall also describe the solutions used to fulfil the essential requirements. A plan for evaluation is developed by RISE in consultation with the manufacturer, on how to test the equipment.
Conformity based on full quality assurance (module H)
The process starts when the manufacturer applies to RISE for an assessment of the quality system regarding the manufacture of one or more measuring instruments. The technical documentation shall be attached to the application. A special application form is available, and this also describes what should be included in the technical documentation.
RISE, in agreement with the manufacturer, performs an initial assessment of the quality system on site at the manufacturers premises.
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
EU type examination (module B)
If RISE makes the assessment that the measuring instrument meets the requirements, an EU type examination certificate will be issued. The validity period for a certificate is 10 years, and requires, among other things, that no changes will be made to the instrument, that the harmonized standard is still harmonized or, in the case where the harmonized standard has not been applied, that new knowledge or experiences does not dispute the original assessment.
Assessment of quality systems (module D)
RISE reports the result from the initial assessment in a written report. Any deviations shall be corrected by the manufacturer and reported to RISE. Once RISE has approved the measures, an assessment decision is issued regarding the production control. The validity period for an assessment decision is 5 years. This gives the manufacturer the right to use RISE id no. as Notified Body together with the CE marking on the measuring instrument(s) concerned. Follow-up audits of the quality system must then be carried out at 1-year intervals.
Conformity to type based on product verification (module F)
If RISE makes the assessment that the measuring instrument(s) meets the requirements, RISE will issue a certificate of conformity. The certificate has no validity period. The certificate gives the manufacturer the right to use the RISE id no. as Notified Body together with the CE marking on the measuring instrument(s) covered by the certificate.
Conformity based on unit verification (module G)
If RISE makes the assessment that the measuring instrument meets the requirements, RISE will issue a certificate of conformity. The certificate has no validity period. The certificate gives the manufacturer the right to use the RISE id no. as Notified Body together with the CE marking on the measuring instrument covered by the certificate.
Conformity based on full quality assurance (module H)
RISE reports the result from the initial assessment in a written report. Any deviations shall be corrected by the manufacturer and reported to RISE. Once RISE has approved the measures, an assessment decision is issued regarding the production control. The validity period for an assessment decision for module H is 3 years.
This gives the manufacturer the right to use RISE id no. as Notified Body together with the CE marking on the measuring instrument concerned. Follow-up audits of the quality system must then be carried out at 1-year intervals.
Area:CertificationContact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically):Josefin Damberg, TIC-ingenjörField measurements:NoPrice type:1Division:Do not use - Division Built EnvironmentPreparation:Description of preparationPreparation information:
No preparation is required, however, a clear definition of the measuring instrument and the intended use of the instrument should be made clear in the initial contact with RISE Certification. An initial contact with RISE Certification should be made as early as possible when a measuring instrument is to be certified.
When assessing quality systems in accordance with module D, the manufacturer shall have a documented quality system implemented in the business.
Certification and marking:Product certificationType of service:CertificationInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Application and order forms:
Divison (OLD):Do not use - Division Built EnvironmentDelivery level:AccreditedMore information:
Measuring instruments according to directive 2014/32/EU are the following types:
MI-001 Water Meters MI-002 Gas meters and volume conversion devices MI-003 Active electrical energy meters MI-004 Thermal energy meters MI-005 Measuring systems for the continuous and dynamic measurement of quantities of liquids other than water MI-006 Automatic weighing instruments MI-007 Taximeters MI-008 Materials measures MI-009 Dimensional measuring instruments MI-010 Exhaust gas analysers
RISE is a Notified Body for the following measuring instruments and modules:
For conformity assessment, manufacturers can choose between the following combinations for which RISE is a Notified Body:
Purpose - Header:PurposeMetod - Header:MethodDelivery - Header:DeliveriesMore information - Header:Mer information
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):RISE Fatigue Design ToolLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
RISE can assist in fatigue assessment of materials and components. Our expertise ranges from load analysis through execution of fatigue testing to evaluation of testing. RISE Fatigue Design Tool is a set of free web apps for statistical evaluating fatigue tests and loads to be used in fatigue design.
Purpose/Benefit:
RISE Fatigue Design Tool is a suit of R Shiny web apps that are developed at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. It is a research platform implementing statistical tools for evaluating fatigue tests and loads to be used in fatigue design and testing. RISE also perform assignments in the area of evaluating fatigue data and loads.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
RISE Fatigue Design Tool consists of the following apps:
The RISE Fatigue Design Tool, including the Shiny apps and the R-code for the fatigue calculations, has been developed by Pär Johannesson and Thomas Svensson. The code is open source under MIT Licence.
Area: Wind power Additive manufacturing Batteries Maritime Material transition Mobility Production and manufacturing Product safety Risk and safetyContact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Pär Johannesson, Forskare Martin Olofsson, Forskare
Field measurements:NoPrice type:1Division:Division Materials and IndustryPreparation:No preparation requiredCertification and marking:Not applicableType of service:Testing / Analysis / EvaluationInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Free to use the Web apps. Upon request RISE can assist in evaluating fatigue data and loads.
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):Formability limits of aluminum sheet metalLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
Thermo-mechanical experiment to measure the formability of aluminum sheet metal through the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) according to the Nakajima test procedure
Purpose/Benefit:
Advanced experimental method for determining the FLC of sheet aluminum and thereby the formability limits of the material. Our equipment allows testing a wide range of thicknesses (0.1 – 4 mm), temperatures (20 – 600 °C), and punch speeds (5 – 300 mm/s) to obtain accurate material data to use in finite element (FE) simulations of forming procedures where geometry assurance is of essence. The Nakajima tests are performed in a specially designed tool with the possibility of heating the punch, die, and blank holder independently to study the influence of temperature in the formability of the material.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
The Nakajima tests are conducted using a hydraulic press with 1200 tons of force capacity at the RISE Stamping and Forming Center located in Olofström, Sweden. The FLC of the material is produced after testing seven different geometries that can be extracted from the sheet in different directions with respect to the rolling direction, for instance, longitudinal (0°), transverse (90°), and diagonal (45°). The deformation and strains of the material are measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) system ARAMIS™, which is an optical three-dimensional (3D) deformation measurement equipment used to obtain the distribution and evolution of strains on the surface of the material during the whole test. The strain measurement range varies between 0.01% and several 100%. For sheet materials with greater variation in their mechanical properties, i.e., recycled aluminum, several repetition tests can be performed to capture the forementioned variation.
Naturally, if you have any requests beyond our current offer, you are most welcome to get in touch and discuss it with us. We are here to help!
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
According to agreement
Delivery time:
According to agreement
Area: Circular transition Material transition TestingContact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically):Thomas Skåre, Forskare
Field measurements:NoPrice type:1Division:Division Materials and IndustryPreparation:Description of preparationPreparation information:
The test material should be clearly marked with rolling direction
Standards:
Metallic materials - Sheet and strip - Determination of forming limit curves - Part 2: Determination of forming-limit curves in laboratory (ISO/DIS 12004-2)
Certification and marking:Not applicableType of service: Innovation services Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Available from remoteInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Please, order via contact persons listed below
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):Tensile test of aluminum sheet metalLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
Thermo-mechanical uniaxial tensile test of aluminum sheet metal
Purpose/Benefit:
Efficient and quality assured experimental method for determining the thermo-mechanical properties of sheet aluminum with the aim of obtaining the most accurate input data to finite element (FE) simulations. Our equipment provides the possibility of testing a wide range of sheet thicknesses (0.5 – >3 mm), temperatures (20 – 1000 °C), and strain rates (0.00025 – 2 s−1) that, combined with our advanced testing and evaluation methods, give a unique opportunity to enhance the accuracy of FE simulations of multiple manufacturing processes, such as forming, welding, and additive manufacturing (AM). There is also the possibility of applying specific thermal cycles or a heat treatment to the material before testing to mimic the conditions of the manufacturing method studied. In addition, the test results can also be used for material and batch comparisons when investigating solutions for problems in production. An accurate prediction of the material behavior improves cost efficiency by reducing the need for physical prototyping and leads to a better quality of the product.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
The uniaxial tensile tests are conducted on samples extracted from the sheet in three directions with respect to the rolling direction, that is, longitudinal (0°), transverse (90°), and diagonal (45°). The tests are performed using a hydraulic MTS tensile test machine with 100 kN load capacity at the RISE Stamping and Forming Center located in Olofström, Sweden. The deformation and strains of the material can be measured using a combination of different techniques depending on the desired level of accuracy, for instance a video extensometer or the digital image correlation (DIC) system ARAMIS™, which is an optical three-dimensional (3D) deformation measurement equipment used to obtain the distribution and evolution of strains on the surface of the material during the whole test. Both systems can measure a wide range of strains, from 0.01% to several 100%.
Naturally, if you have any requests beyond our current offer, you are most welcome to get in touch and discuss it with us. We are here to help!
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
Results delivered according to agreement.
Delivery time:
According to agreement
Area: Circular transition Material transition TestingContact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically):Thomas Skåre, Forskare
Field measurements:NoPrice type:1Division:Division Materials and IndustryPreparation:Description of preparationPreparation information:
The test material should be clearly marked with rolling direction
Standards:
Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 1: Method of test at room temperature (ISO 6892-1:2016)
Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 2: Method of test at elevated temperature (ISO 6892‑2:2018)
Certification and marking:Not applicableType of service: Innovation services Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Available from remoteInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Please, order via the contact persons listed below
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):Analysis with TEMLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
With the help of TEM, materials can be analysed on the nanometer- to micrometer-scale, which can be useful either as a complementary technique or as preparation and sample screening before experiments at large scale research infrastructure facilities.
Purpose/Benefit:
Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we can analyse the structure of materials on length scales from several micrometres down to the atomic scale. We can image both soft materials like gels, emulsions, food or polymers, and hard materials like metals or concrete.
TEM is well suited as a complementary method to large-scale research infrastructure techniques, as it can be used to analyse specimens with high resolution in a conventional lab environment.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
Specimen preparation Since TEM requires thin specimens with a thickness of around 100 nm, specimen preparation is as important as the actual analysis. That is why we have equipment and competence for advanced specimen preparation of water- and fat-containing samples. Those include freeze fracturing, mica sandwich technique, plunge freezing, plastic embedding at -90°C or room temperature, and thin-slicing.
JEOL JEM-2100Plus This TEM can be used for imaging of almost all types of materials but is optimised for soft materials and good image quality on low-contrast specimens. The high voltage can be varied between 80 and 200 kV, depending on the beam sensitivity of the specimen and requirements for resolution and contrast. At 200 kV the microscope reaches a resolution of 0.14 nanometre. Even scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) can be performed with a resolution of 1 nanometre.
Beam-sensitive specimens The microscope is equipped with a TVIPS TemCam-XF416ES CMOS camera. This camera delivers high-resolution images with low levels of noise, high contrast and high framerates, and is therefore optimally suited for soft materials and beam-sensitive specimens. The software is designed for imaging with low electron dose, so that the beam is only on the specimen while an image is taken.
3D imaging Specimens can be analysed in three dimensions using tomography. The specimen is rotated between ± 70 degrees and the images are reconstructed using an advanced software to obtain a 3D model of the structure.
Cryo TEM Water-containing samples, e.g., diluted solutions of nanoparticles, liposomes, fibres or micelles, can be vitrified (frozen) in liquid ethane and analysed using a dedicated cryo TEM specimen holder at around -180 °C. Even 3D tomography can be performed at cryogenic temperature.
Crystal structure With electron diffraction the crystal structure of a sample or the degree of crystallinity in a heterogeneous sample can be probed locally. The crystal structure can even be used to manipulate the image contrast through bright-field- and dark-field imaging.
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
Measurement data (image sequences) and a report (Powerpoint) containing an analysis of the results. Of course, we adapt the delivery based on your requests and needs.
Delivery time:
Delivery time depends on the scope of the analysis and booking status of the instrument.
Area: Additive manufacturing Batteries Bioeconomy Packaging Infrastructure Food Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paperContact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Torben Nilsson Pingel Annika Altskär, Experimentell specialist
Field measurements:NoPrice type:1Division:Division BioeconomyPreparation:No preparation requiredCertification and marking:Not applicableType of service:Testing / Analysis / EvaluationInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:For more information and quotations, please contact Torben Nilsson Pingel, torben.nilsson.pingel@ri.se
Ampere is the SI unit for electric current, a flow of electrons in a conductor. Electric current allows us to turn on the light, use mobile phones or computers, drive cars, anything that is powered by electricity. Along with volt and ohm, ampere is fundamental in electrical metrology.
André-Marie Ampère.
Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère
In 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted showed that magnetism and electricity are related, by showing that a compass needle deviates from north in the vicinity of an electric current. This is because the current creates a magnetic field around the electrical conductor that affects other magnetic fields nearby, in this case the compass needle’s magnetic field.
Ørsted’s discovery inspired the French mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère to further research the connection between electricity and magnetism. He discovered that two current-carrying conductors exert an attractive force on each other if the direction of current is the same in both conductors, and that they repel each other if they have the opposite direction of current.
Japanese ampere balance from the thirties.
Systems of measurement units emerged
Over time, the need for a standardised measurement unit system for electricity grew:
In 1893, the IEC (International Electrical Congress) proposed that the ohm and ampere should be the base units of a common system of units of measurement.
At the 1921 General Conference on Weights and Measures in Paris, the ampere was formally added as a unit of electric current.
In 1948, the definition of an ampere was decided, a definition based on André-Marie Ampère's discoveries more than a hundred years earlier.
The decision in 1948 meant that 1 ampere was defined as the current which, when it passes through two infinitely long, straight, and parallel conductors, with negligible cross-section and one meter between them, generated a force of 2x10-7 newtons per meter between the conductors.
Note that based on this definition it seems impossible to realise, bring into reality, exactly one ampere. It is not possible to manufacture two infinitely long conductors. But the definition still made it possible to make a practical realisation of the ampere through a device known as an ampere balance, where a known mass is balanced against an electromagnetic force from the current in several coils. Through accurate measurements of the dimensions of the coils, the current could be determined with sufficiently small measurement uncertainty.
Josephsonchip used to realise the volt at the National Laboratory for Electrical Quantities at RISE.
Image: Tobias Bergsten
Ohm’s law
Formulated by the German scientist Georg Ohm in 1827, Ohm's Law describes the relationship between electric current (amperes), voltage (volts) and resistance (ohms) and is one of the simplest and most useful equations in physics:
I = V / R
where I is the current, V is the voltage and R is the resistance. This means that if two of the values are known, the third can be calculated using the formula. If the voltage and resistance of a circuit are known, the current can be easily calculated.
The three units thus belong together. To understand it, you can make a simple comparison with a water system, where voltage corresponds to the water pressure, the current corresponds to how much water flows in the pipe and the resistance corresponds to the diameter of the pipe. If you know the diameter and the water pressure, it is easy to calculate how much water flows. In the same way, it is easy to calculate the pressure if you know the diameter of the pipe and how much water flows through the pipe.
Reverse measurement
In the 70's and 80's electrical measuring instruments started to get so good that the ampere balance did not suffice. At the same time, scientific breakthroughs in quantum mechanics made it possible to realise volt and ohm based on natural constants. With the help of Ohm's law, it was then possible to determine ampere with very small measurement uncertainty.
Volt is realised using the Josephson effect and ohm using the quantum hall effect. These quantum mechanical phenomena have both been awarded Nobel Prizes and have changed the way we define and measure these quantities.
The derived units volt and ohm were thus used to realise the ampere. This clearly seems backwards. The idea was that the base units in the SI system would be used as the base for the derived units, not the other way around. The reason for this was that voltage and resistance could be measured with much less measurement uncertainty than electric current. The problem, however, was that this method was not based on the definition of ampere, even though the realisations of volts and ohms are very accurate.
Redefining the ampere in 2019
In 2019, the definition of ampere within the SI system was changed. Instead of being based on the force between two infinitely long electrical conductors, the ampere is now defined via the value of the elementary charge e. The elementary charge was also given a fixed value of 1.602 176 634 ∙ 10-19 C, where the unit coulomb, C, can be expressed as A∙s, ampere times second. This means that one ampere corresponds to a charge flow of 1 coulomb, i.e., approximately 6.241 509 074 ∙ 1018 electrons, per second. Through this redefinition, the realisations of volt and ohm also became correct according to the SI definition.
The National Laboratory for Electrical Quantities
However, the new definition does not make it easy to realise ampere based on its definition. It requires extremely accurate counting of an incredibly large number of individual electrons. Although possible, the technology is in its infancy and needs further development. In practice, Ohm's law and realisations of volt and ohm through the Josephson effect and the quantum hall effect are therefore still used to realise the ampere. It is this method we use to realise the national standard for ampere at the National Laboratory for Electrical Quantities here at RISE.
Graphene and other 2D materials with their unique properties offer innovative solutions to many of today's challenges. At RISE, we have solid expertise in 2D materials and broad contact networks in Sweden and Europe. RISE will help you with your innovation journey.
The world is facing complex challenges such as climate change, energy transition, lack of drinking water and a growing elderly population. The outstanding potential of graphene and 2D materials opens doors for innovation in several sectors.
Graphene's ultra-thin nature and superior electrical, thermal and mechanical properties enable the development of efficient and environmentally friendly technologies.
Graphene's use extends over a wide range of applications. At RISE we can help you with everything from applied research to product development. A selection of areas in which we at RISE work with graphene and other 2D materials.
A selection of areas in which we at RISE work with graphene and other 2D materials:
Material selection, analysis and dispersion
There are different types of graphene but how do you know which one is right for your application? RISE has many years of experience in comparing and analyzing different suppliers' graphene products. We help you characterize, and quality assure graphene materials to find the right material for your product. Dispersions can be performed to achieve the desired properties for your application as well as a preparation step for further characterization of a power. RISE offers expertise in the dispersion of graphene and other two-dimensional materials, with a focus on developing and implementing innovative solutions for industry. One of the most advanced technologies at RISE is a water-based graphene dispersion, which is based on a unique formulation developed by researcher Wei Zhao and his research team. This formulation uses natural polymers, such as starch, to effectively disperse graphene particles, which are inherently hydrophobic and otherwise challenging to mix in water. This technology makes the dispersion process both environmentally friendly and efficient.
To meet the needs of industry, RISE has also developed expertise in "in-line mixing" techniques, with support from partners and the KP Grafen innovation programme. This technology enables dispersion in larger volumes and marks a significant success in scaling up from laboratory level to semi-pilot testing. One of RISE's industrial partners, Billerud, has already adopted this technology to explore its potential in practical applications. In summary, RISE offers a one-stop solution in graphene dispersion - from cutting-edge research to industrial application - and is a trusted partner for companies looking to exploit the potential of graphene and other two-dimensional materials.
Thermal and electrical conductivity, fire protection, mechanical and antimicrobial properties are examples of functions that can be achieved with graphene and related 2D materials in coatings.
Graphene can also be used as a barrier layer to reduce the permeability of moisture, air and other gases, but also ions. This extends its use from packaging to gas containers and corrosion protection. To get the full effect and achieve good compatibility with the substrate, the 2D material needs to be dispersed and used in a formulation. In addition, the coatings must have appropriate rheology, wetting and adhesion properties for a good and durable result.
Graphene and related 2D materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can be used to form composite materials that provide improved functions and properties. For example, graphene can be added to cement, cellulose, rubber, metal and plastic to improve mechanical properties and conductivity. Graphene incorporation can improve both production and products in, for example, additive manufacturing. In lightweight composite materials, the addition of graphene can increase both electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. This can be used to add new functions to composites, such as localized heating for wind turbine blades or parts of aircraft structures, as well as opportunities for real-time monitoring of a composite's performance, known as health-monitoring. It is also possible to use graphene as a conductor for signal management, thus reducing or minimizing the amount of wiring in a vehicle.
2D materials open the door to major changes in the design and manufacture of electronic systems. The benefits can be performance- and cost-related and/or sustainability-driven. However, the materials need to be dispersed in order to be processed. They also need to be extensively tested in the evaluated application. Here we at RISE contribute with our expertise in the combination of 2D materials and electronics. We help you adapt and implement 2D materials in electronic systems for better functionality, cost and/or a stronger sustainability profile.
Printed electronics Printed electronics offer great opportunities to create new products and electronic systems based on conventional printing technology. Paper, plastic, leather, and other materials can be provided with electronic and bioelectronic functions.
Measurement technology As one of the first national measurement institutes to start using graphene for regular calibration, at RISE we have many years of experience with the material. We conduct several research projects and work to commercialize our graphene components.
Nowadays, quantum physical phenomena are used to realize many important quantities in the SI system. In the field of electrical metrology, graphene has proven to be the most suitable material to realize the unit of resistance (Ohm) via the so-called quantized Hall effect. This means that virtually all (calibrated) electrical measurements in Sweden can be traced back to graphene standards that we have at RISE. Graphene has thus been given an important role in a society that is increasingly electrified and digitized.
At RISE we have world-leading expertise in electrical measurement technology with graphene and we can help you with electrical measurements on graphene materials as well as microfabrication of graphene samples.
Graphene opens new possibilities for sensor technology due to its properties, such as large surface-to-volume ratio, unique optical properties, excellent electrical conductivity, high carrier wave mobility/density and high thermal capacity. The large surface area allows for large numbers of sensor molecules. The excellent ability to conduct electric current enables efficient transport carriers between sensor molecules and electrodes.
RISE supports academic and industrial partners with the development of smart and innovative sensor applications of graphene and other 2D materials. We cover the entire chain from material development to product implementation via process development and scale-up.
2D materials have unique properties, which among other things offer keys to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable energy solutions.
Batteries Development of new battery materials and improvement of existing battery chemistry are important focus areas for RISE. RISE is at the forefront of research in active materials, binders and additive components for advanced battery technology. Our expertise spans a broad spectrum of battery chemistry ranging from lithium-ion, sodium-ion, solid-state, dual-ion batteries and supercapacitors.
In these areas, 2D materials are of great interest, not least for the development of new cathode and anode materials, but also for improving battery performance in terms of energy density, durability, safety and sustainability.
Hydrogen gas With the emergence of the hydrogen industry, 2D materials such as graphene, h-BN, MoS2, enable promising new approaches. Graphene-based coatings and materials have potential both as protective coatings (corrosion protection and gas barriers) and as fillers for polymer composites. New MoS2-based catalysts and graphene electrode coatings are being investigated to provide electrolytic cells that are more efficient and have longer lifetimes.
Graphene and 2D materials can be used as supports for catalysts, or as alternatives to metals in various applications. For example, graphene can be used instead of precious metals as catalysts in some chemical reactions. By replacing critical metals with these materials, the need for rare metals, which are difficult to obtain, can be reduced.
2D materials like graphene open up a world of possibilities. Its use in biomedical technologies, from advanced sensors to drug delivery, shows promise for improving the quality of human life through groundbreaking medical advances.
Developing new materials often involves changes in the work environment, ranging from safety and health to new work processes and ergonomics. Therefore, organisations may need to carry out a risk assessment and involve both management and workers in planning and implementation. To achieve sustainability in all aspects, the organisation may also need to consider environmental, economic and social sustainability, which can be done through a life cycle assessment.
The goal of the project was to analyze and apply at least four different circular product standards for four different products that are developed and manufactured by Swedish manufacturers.
More and more circular product standards are being developed for industry with the aim to develop products that are more circular. The overall objective of the proposed project was to apply these new circular product standards at Swedish manufacturing companies to gain knowledge on how Swedish manufacturing companies can achieve a higher degree of circularity of their products. Within this project we mapped and analysed which circular product standards exist and applied them on products e.g. furniture and electrical products. Through workshops with Swedish manufacturing companies we described and discussed how the applications of the circular product standards with regards to how circular strategies were defined and measured on a product level. The knowledge that was gained through the proposed project was used in the development and updating of new circular product standards.
