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Lignin characterization/analyses

Lignin analyses/lignin characterization
Lignin

The properties of lignin samples are to a great extent influenced by their chemical and molecular structure. RISE has long experience and advanced equipment for characterization of lignin on different structural levels. 

Lignin is a complex polyaromatic macromolecule that has the potential to be used in the production of a variety of sustainable materials and chemicals. The chemical structure of lignin is extremely complicated, consisting primarily of three different kinds of methoxylated phenylpropane units. The phenylpropane units randomly polymerize with each other, resulting in a three-dimensional cross-linked amorphous structure. The structure and polymeric properties vary depending on origin i.e. plant species, industrial processing as well as isolation and purification procedure.  

Technical lignin is lignin extracted from diverse biomasses using technical procedures such as wood pulping. The most common technical lignins are lignosulphonates (separated from sulphite pulping), kraft lignins (separated from kraft pulping black liquor), organosolv lignins (separated from organosolv pulping), soda lignins (separated from soda pulping), and lignin residue following enzymatic treatment of biomass. 

Lignin can be characterized by its purity, molecular structure, and thermal characteristics.  

  • Dry matter content – Moisture and non-volatile part of lignin (gravimetric analysis) 
  • Lignin content- the total amount of acid insoluble (acid hydrolysis) and acid soluble content (UV spectroscopy) 
  • Carbohydrate content- Glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and mannose (ionic chromatography) 
  • Ash content- inorganic residue (gravimetrically determined at defined temperatures) 
  • Metals/elemental content- Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, P, Na, Ba, Fe, S (ICP-OES) 
  • Extractive contents- Fatty acids, resin acids, fatty alcohols, sterols glycerides and styryl esters (Soxtec apparatus and GC-MS). 
  • Hydroxyl groups- aliphatic, phenolic, carboxylic groups (31PNMR) 
  • Structural elements-Pyrolysis (GC-MS) and NMR 
  • Molar mass distribution-weight average molar mass (Mw) and number average molar mass (Mn) (SEC) 
  • Thermal properties-Thermal decomposition (TGA) and glass transition temperature (DSC) 

Sofia Regnell Andersson

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Division (OLD): Division Bioeconomy Division: Division Bioeconomy Chemical and biological analysis

Analysis of Azodicarboxamide (ADCA)

Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces): Analysis of Azodicarboxamide (ADCA) Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):

It is important that the textiles on the market are free of harmful and regulated substances. Chemical analysis is a way to gain control over the products' chemical content.

Purpose/Benefit:

Azodicarbonamide, or azodiformamide is mainly used as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industry. Blowing agent in especially EVA and PVC.

The process can leave residues of formamide in the material, which is toxic for reproduction. ADCA may decompose into semicarbazide, a suspected carcinogen. 

Society and consumers set high demands on companies and their products. The legislation also means that you as an actor must have complete information and control over the chemicals in your product. It is especially important with products for children and goods with skin contact, such as clothes and accessories.

We can help you interpret the legal requirements in REACH and POPs and propose appropriate analyzes.

Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):

OEKO-TEX analysis method.

Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):

Written report in Swedish or English.

Delivery time:

After order and arrival of sample material - normal delivery time is 10 working days.

Area:
Chemical and biological analysis
Textile
Contact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Jenny Friedrichsen, Forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjör Field measurements: No Price type: 1 Division: Division Materials and Industry Preparation: No preparation required Certification and marking: Not applicable Type of service: Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Instrument: Not applicable General area: Not applicable Divison (OLD): Division Materials and Industry Delivery level: Not applicable
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Analysis of UV-stabilizers

Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces): Analysis of UV-stabilizers Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):

It is important that the textiles on the market are free of harmful and regulated substances. Chemical analysis is a way to gain control over the products' chemical content.

Purpose/Benefit:

UV-stabilizer for plastics, polyurethanes and rubber and constituent in formulations used for coating of surfaces, e.g. cars or special industrial wood coatings. Also used in dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and deicing/anti-icing fluids.

UV stabilisers are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic.

Society and consumers set high demands on companies and their products. The legislation also means that you as an actor must have complete information and control over the chemicals in your product. It is especially important with products for children and goods with skin contact, such as clothes and accessories.

We can help you interpret the legal requirements in REACH and POPs and propose appropriate analyzes.

Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):

OEKO-TEX analysis method.

This method is applicable for the determination of UV-stabilizers in materials which need high UV stability (such as PVC, PP, PUR-coatings, plastisol prints, coatings/finishes against sun).

Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):

Written report in Swedish or English.

Delivery time:

After order and arrival of sample material - normal delivery time 10 working days.

Area:
Chemical and biological analysis
Textile
Contact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Jenny Friedrichsen, Forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjör
Plastic
Field measurements: No Price type: 1 Division: Division Materials and Industry Preparation: No preparation required Certification and marking: Not applicable Type of service: Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Instrument: Not applicable General area: Not applicable Divison (OLD): Division Materials and Industry Delivery level: Not applicable
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Analysis of Dimethylfumarate (DMFu)

Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces): Analysis of Dimethylfumarate (DMFu) Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):

It is important that the textiles on the market are free of harmful and regulated substances. Chemical analysis is a way to gain control over the products' chemical content.

Purpose/Benefit:

Dimethylfumarate (DMFu) is used to counteract fungus growth in clothes, shoes and other leather items. DMFu can e.g. be found in silica gel bags, but is also applied on the product both as a powder and in tablet form.

It is a fungicide and is harmful to skin and a strongly allergenic (skin sensitizer) substance.

Society and consumers set high demands on companies and their products. The legislation also means that you as an actor must have complete information and control over the chemicals in your product. It is especially important with products for children and goods with skin contact, such as clothes and accessories.

We can help you interpret the legal requirements in REACH and POPs and propose appropriate analyzes.

Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):

OEKO-TEX analysis method.

This method is applicable to textile in any form (fibres, yarn, fabrics, etc.) and for leather materials.

Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):

Written report in Swedish or English.

Delivery time:

After order and arrival of sample material - normal delivery time 10 working days

Area:
Chemical and biological analysis
Textile
Contact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Jenny Friedrichsen, Forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjör Field measurements: No Price type: 1 Division: Division Materials and Industry Preparation: No preparation required Certification and marking: Not applicable Type of service: Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Instrument: Not applicable General area: Not applicable Divison (OLD): Division Materials and Industry Delivery level: Not applicable
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Analysis of Alkylphenols (AP) and Alkylphenolethoxylates (APEO)

Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces): Analysis of Alkylphenols (AP) and Alkylphenolethoxylates (APEO) Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):

It is important that the textiles on the market are free of harmful and regulated substances. Chemical analysis is a way to gain control over the products' chemical content.

Purpose/Benefit:

Process chemicals are used in the manufacturing process but have no function in the finished product. Remains of the process chemicals may however be found in the finished product and cause health or environmental problems.

Society and consumers set high demands on companies and their products. The legislation also means that you as an actor must have complete information and control over the chemicals in your product. It is especially important with products for children and goods with skin contact, such as clothes and accessories.

We can help you interpret the legal requirements in REACH and POPs and propose appropriate analyzes.

Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):

Analysis of NPEO, OPEO and AP according to SS-EN ISO 18254-1, SS-EN ISO 18218-1 and OEKO-TEX M&ML-25.

This method is suitable for all kinds of textiles and accessories made of natural or synthetic fibres or synthetic materials, but also for synthetic material, which have been treated by a wet processing step. This method is also applicable for leather materials.

Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):

Written report in Swedish or English.

Delivery time:

After order and arrival of sample material - normal delivery time 10 working days.

Area:
Chemical and biological analysis
Textile
Contact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Jenny Friedrichsen, Forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjör
APEO analysis
Field measurements: No Price type: 1 Division: Division Materials and Industry Preparation: No preparation required Certification and marking: Not applicable Type of service: Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Instrument: Not applicable General area: Not applicable Divison (OLD): Division Materials and Industry Delivery level: Not applicable
jenny.friedrichsen@ri.se,
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Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFC’s)

Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces): Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFC’s) Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):

It is important that the textiles on the market are free of harmful and regulated substances. Chemical analysis is a way to gain control over the products' chemical content.

Purpose/Benefit:

Per and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) are surfactants, stable, temperature-resistant and water- and grease-repellent substances and should not be present in products.

Highly fluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) such as PFOA are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances. PFOA is a carcinogen.

Society and consumers set high demands on companies and their products. The legislation also means that you as an actor must have complete information and control over the chemicals in your product. It is especially important with products for children and goods with skin contact, such as clothes and accessories.

We can help you interpret the legal requirements in REACH and POPs and propose appropriate analyzes.

Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):

OEKO-TEX analysis method based on the latest SS-EN 17681 with alkaline hydrolysis.

This method is applicable to textile in any form (fibres, yarns, fabrics, etc.) feathers, downs and for leather materials, which are having an oil (stain) and/or water repellent finish or coating (PUR, PVC or other) as well as for PUR foils, all kinds of membranes, multi-layer-laminates and foams.

Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):

Written report in Swedish or English.

Delivery time:

After order and arrival of sample material - normal delivery time 10 working days.

Area:
Chemical and biological analysis
Textile
Contact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Jenny Friedrichsen, Forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjör
PFAS
Field measurements: No Price type: 1 Division: Division Materials and Industry Preparation: No preparation required Certification and marking: Not applicable Type of service: Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Instrument: Not applicable General area: Not applicable Divison (OLD): Division Materials and Industry Delivery level: Not applicable
jenny.friedrichsen@ri.se,
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Analysis of extractable Heavy Metals

Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces): Analysis of extractable Heavy Metals Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):

It is important that the textiles on the market are free of harmful and regulated substances. Chemical analysis is a way to gain control over the products' chemical content.

Purpose/Benefit:

Extractable metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, chromium, cobalt and nickel should not be present in products. 

Society and consumers set high demands on companies and their products. The legislation also means that you as an actor must have complete information and control over the chemicals in your product. It is especially important with products for children and goods with skin contact, such as clothes and accessories.

We can help you interpret the legal requirements in REACH and POPs and propose appropriate analyzes.

Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):

Analysis according to SS-EN 16711-2 and OEKO-TEX® STANDARD 100 M&ML-10.

This method is applicable to textile in any form (fibres, yarn, fabrics, etc.), leather materials as well as make-up, metallic and other accessories.

Analysis of Chromium (VI) according to OEKO-TEX OEKO-TEX® STANDARD 100 M-12.

Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):

Written report in Swedish or English

Delivery time:

After order and arrival of sample material - normal delivery time 10 working days.

Area:
Chemical and biological analysis
Textile
Contact person (Enter one name per field. Activated personal contact pages will appear automatically): Elham Franzén, Kemist Field measurements: No Price type: 1 Division: Division Materials and Industry Preparation: No preparation required Certification and marking: Not applicable Type of service: Testing / Analysis / Evaluation Instrument: Not applicable General area: Not applicable Divison (OLD): Division Materials and Industry Delivery level: Not applicable
elham.franzen@ri.se,
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DynoMag changes the game at the University of Florida

Dynomag

At the Rinaldi-Ramos Research Laboratory, University of Florida, research focuses on the behavior and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles in time-varying magnetic fields, such as magnetic particle imaging and nanoscale thermal therapy. This interdisciplinary research encompasses theory and simulations, nanoparticle synthesis and characterization, and evaluation in biological environments. They needed a system to characterize the behavior and mobility of particles and complexes in fluid suspensions, and they found it in the DynoMag system.

Carlos M. Rinaldi-Ramos, Ph.D.

"We’ve used the system for a long time to evaluate Brownian and Néel relaxation mechanisms. The particles we develop and characterize using the DynoMag have biomedical applications in imaging, drug delivery, and hyperthermia treatment," said Carlos M. Rinaldi-Ramos, Ph.D., Chair and Dean's Leadership Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Florida.

Developed at the RISE Magnetic Sensor Systems Laboratory in Gothenburg, the DynoMag system emerged as a game-changer, offering a reliable and integrated magnetic measurement solution for general magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) systems, biodetection using MNPs and nano-rheological measurements.

Bridging Disciplines and Applications

The DynoMag system is a key component for characterizing magnetic nanostructured materials, conducting nano-rheological studies, and advanced biomedical research. Its versatility spans various disciplines and application areas, making it a key component in over 160 scientific articles, particularly in the dynamic magnetic analysis of MNP systems.

By sweeping the frequency and measuring sample response, the DynoMag system, with its magnetic models, can identify magnetic relaxations and determine the particle size distribution for MNP systems in colloidal solution.

Fostering Innovation

The system is a portable easy to use AC susceptometer for measuring the dynamic magnetic properties of liquids, powders and solids at room temperature. Through EU projects like NanoMag and MagNaStand, the system and its methodology have evolved, resulting in an approved ISO standard for AC susceptometer (ACS) measurement methodology for MNPs.

"This standardization is crucial for standardizing MNP systems and employing specific analysis methods," emphasizes Christer Johansson, Senior Expert at RISE.

Dynomag has been a key instrument for our research over the past 10 years

"A key instrument for our research"

The DynoMag system's real-world applications are diverse, from dynamic magnetic characterization and monitoring the stability of MNP systems over time, to the detection of biological markers. 

"Dynomag has been a key instrument for our research over the past 10 years," Dr. Rinaldi-Ramos said. "It helps us answer more fundamental questions."

Dr. Rinaldi-Ramos attests to the system's robustness, with its decade long use, but he highlights regular calibration of the system. He also notes the limitation of temperature control, which led them to complement the DynoMag system with a SQUID magnetometer for sensitive characterization with a temperature control, but then within a narrower frequency range compared to the DynoMag system.

A beacon facilitating breakthroughs

For the Rinaldi-Ramos Research Laboratory, the value of DynoMag extends beyond its technical capabilities. It serves as a turnkey instrument that provides magnetic characterization difficult to obtain by other means.

"The DynoMag system has allowed us to answer a lot of research questions and to better understand the nanoparticles we develop," Dr. Rinaldi-Ramos says. "To me, the value is in having a turnkey instrument that provides magnetic characterization that is difficult to obtain by other means."

In the intricate world of magnetic nanoparticle research, the DynoMag system stands as a beacon, facilitating breakthroughs, answering fundamental questions, and unlocking new possibilities in MNP applications.

Helena Wiberg

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DynoMag – a magnetic measuring system for many applications

DynoMag

To be able to reliably characterize nanostructured materials, including magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), is crucial for standardizing MNP systems and the application of specific analysis methods. The DynoMag system, developed at the RISE Magnetic Sensor Systems Lab in Gothenburg, offers a reliable and integrated magnetic measurement system for biodetection using MNPs and rheological measurements.

Highly interesting work and research are currently underway in defining and standardizing various nanostructures. To enable effective research, reliable and standardized measuring instruments and methods are required. At the RISE Magnetic Sensor Systems Lab, we have successfully developed and standardized measurement instruments and methodology for dynamic magnetic measurement and analysis, which are part of standardized measurement systems for MNPs.

Christer Johansson, senior expert at the Sensor Systems unit at RISE, explains that in dynamic magnetic measurements, an alternating (AC) magnetic field with a specific frequency and amplitude is used on the sample. The resulting dynamic magnetic response, also called AC-susceptometry (ACS), is measured contactless through coils and sensitive magnetic measurement technology.

“The DynoMag system, developed and manufactured at the RISE Magnetic Sensor Systems Lab in Gothenburg, has been central in over 160 scientific articles, particularly in the magnetic analysis of MNP systems. The goal has always been to create a sensitive and user-friendly measurement system with integrated electronics and software, along with associated magnetic models for accurate analysis of measurement data”, says Christer.

The development of DynoMag and other similar ACS systems has been conducted in both internal projects and several EU projects, as well as nationally funded projects. Through the EU projects NanoMag and MagNaStand, the DynoMag system and the measurement methodology have been further developed, resulting in an approved ISO standard for ACS measurement methodology for MNPs. 

“By sweeping the frequency and measuring the sample response, the DynoMag system, with its magnetic models, can identify magnetic relaxations and determine the particle size distribution for MNP systems in colloidal solution”, Christer continues.

Another application is monitoring the stability of MNP systems over time under external influences, or as a quality assurance method in the manufacturing of MNP systems to maintain optimal properties or develop new applications. The ACS response in the frequency domain varies depending on the MNP configuration and the presence of particle aggregates.

Through ACS measurement technology and optimal MNP systems, rheological properties can be determined for different substances, from simple Newtonian fluids, like water and glycerol solutions, to complex non-Newtonian substances like gelatin and Xanthan solutions used in the food industry. In a successful project funded by Formas, RISE, together with Chalmers University of Technology, utilized ACS measurement methodology and optimal MNP systems to measure viscoelastic properties in food research. 

The DynoMag ACS system also enables sensitive detection of biological markers by measuring and analyzing the response from functionalized MNP systems. A successful project in collaboration with Chalmers University of Technology, Karolinska Institute, Uppsala University, and Stockholm University, funded by SSF, resulted in an integrated measurement system for influenza. 

“In summary, the DynoMag system is a key component for the characterization of magnetic nanostructures, rheological studies, and biomedical research, with its applications spanning across various disciplines and fields”, Christer concludes.

The DynoMag System

The DynoMag system is a portable easy to use AC susceptometer for measuring the dynamic magnetic properties of liquids, powders and solids at room temperature. The excitation frequency range is from 1 Hz up to 500 kHz with a resolution in volume susceptibility 1·10-5 (SI units) at 1 kHz and a excitation field amplitude of 0.5 mT.

Typical application areas:

  • AC susceptibility measurements of solids, powders and liquids
  • Dynamic magnetic analysis in the field of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)
  • Determine the size distribution of magnetic nanoparticles using an algorithm included in the software of the DynoMag (including both Brownian and Néel relaxation)
  • Study stability and possible particle clustering during for instance bio-functionalizing of MNPs
  • Follow the binding reactions of biomolecules to MNPs
  • Measurement of magnetic properties in geophysics

Helena Wiberg

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Jakob Blomgren

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