RISE has long been developing standards for measurements of dynamic processes. Dynamic calibration of pressure sensors is an area that is important for reducing measurement uncertainty, but traceability is lacking.
Dynamic measurements and dynamic calibration have great potential as most industrial processes take place under dynamic conditions. This works well if the measuring instrument is faster than the process being measured. However, with fast processes, the demands on the performance of the measuring instrument increase.
At the same time, calibration of most of the measuring systems takes place under static or semi-static conditions. As Primary methods for dynamic calibration are currently under development, one cannot be sure what measured values during fast processes really correspond to and that the results cannot be guaranteed to be traceable.
Developing traceability for dynamic pressure
At the National Laboratory for Pressure and Vacuum, we work to develop and establish traceability for dynamic pressure. We have previously developed a shock tube which is our candidate for a primary standard for dynamic pressure. However, the use of the shock tube is limited to pressures below 7 MPa. Another method for dynamic calibration is dead weight systems that can generate pressure impulses between 40 and 400 MPa. But in the range between 7 and 40 MPa there is a gap that neither the shock tube nor the dead weight system can overlap.
Primary standard 7-40 MPa
The project builds on previous European research and innovation projects and aims to establish traceability within the 7-40 MPa range. The existing shock tube will be equipped with a converging section that reinforces and preserves the reference pressure. Together with a readily available analytical solution, this will serve as the primary standard for dynamic pressure in the 7-40 MPa range.
Important in several industries
The project contributes to better calibration of dynamic pressure, which is of great importance in many areas, for example in healthcare (blood pressure, dialysis, diagnostics), process control and energy efficiency in vehicles.
Looking for gas leaks can be frustrating! To find leaks quickly and to assess whether they are too large to pass, it helps to know some of the underlying theory and "tips and tricks".
Target group:
Anyone who needs to check for leaks or detect leaks in their work.
Course objectives:
The course provides you with knowledge about different methods to find leaks. After the course you will be able to choose the best leak detection method for your application.
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):Resistance to snagging according to ASTM D3939/D3939M-13 (2017)Lead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
Snagging is defined as loops of yarn/fibres on the surface of woven or knitted fabrics that occur when the material comes into contact with a sharp/prickly object.
When we use textiles in different areas, there is a risk that they will come in contact with sharp objects, which can cause loops to be pulled out of the construction.
Purpose/Benefit:
The method aims to evaluate the resistance of woven or knitted fabrics to snagging. By testing a material's resistance to snagging, you get an indication of how well the material resists loops being pulled out of the material in contact with sharp/pricly objects. For some applications, this can be a very important feature.
Materials made from filament yarns are more prone to looping than staple fiber materials, but woven materials with long floats can also be sensitive.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
ASTM D3939/D3939M is an American method commonly referred to when testing snagging. In this method, a Mace snagging apparatus is used, where the material is exposed to a metal ball with spikes.
Rectangular specimens are sewn together into tubes. The fabric tubes, right side out, are threaded onto a felt-covered cylinder. The mace ball is placed against the fabric covered cylinder which rotates at the same time as the spiked ball jabs randomly at the fabric surface. Visual assessment of the test specimens is performed after a certain number of turns. The degree of "loops" that have appeared is assessed against a 1-5 range photo scale where 5 = no loops appeared.
The spikes of the ball only pull up loops from threads in one direction, so it is important to test both fabric directions. Two specimens in each direction are tested.
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
A report in Swedish or English with received results.
Delivery time:
Normal delivery time is 5-10 working days. A more accurate delivery time is stated in the order confirmation which is sent after received order and test material.
Certification and marking:Not applicableType of service:Testing / Analysis / EvaluationInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Please order via the contact person listed below or e-mail.Divison (OLD):Division Materials and IndustryDelivery level:Non-accredited
helena.hjartnas@ri.se
/en/node/9710
12. Responsible consumption and production
Purpose - Header:SyfteMetod - Header:MetodDelivery - Header:LeveransMore information - Header:Mer information
Measuring is about acquiring a basis for decisions. But how can we know that our measurements can be trusted? When it comes to rapid changes and dynamic events, it can be difficult.
Fredrik Arrhén, a senior researcher at RISE, have worked with dynamic measurements since the beginning of the 2000s, first focusing on pressure and over time expanding his area of interest to force and torque.
"Basically, we are studying how well sensors and measuring instruments keep up with rapid changes and dynamic events. We can measure these events and take note of the value presented by the measuring instrument, but when the pressure or force changes very quickly, we do not know how well that value reflects reality. If we use the measured value to control a production process, it is very important that the value is correct", says Fredrik Arrhén.
Big challenge producing standards
To know how well a measuring instrument reflects reality, the first step is to be sure what change has actually taken place, what reality looks like. Exactly how high was the pressure at any given point of time during the change or event?
"The big challenge of dynamic measurements in all areas of metrology is to produce standards with very low measurement uncertainty that we can use to calibrate the measuring instruments. We must know the properties of the rapid change very well before we can determine how well the instrument measures it", says Fredrik Arrhén.
Measuring instruments often do not behave as stated in data sheets and manuals during rapid changes and events.
The idea of standards or references is simple. To measure how long an object is you need something to compare it with, a reference, such as a ruler. To be certain that the ruler is as long as it claims to be the ruler in turn needs to be compared with something even more accurate than the ruler, and so on. As the National Metrology Institute of Sweden, one of the main tasks for RISE is to maintain traceability for several physical quantities. Traceability means that measurement results must be traceable back to the definition of the unit, through chains of calibrations (comparisons) against standards or references with specified measurement uncertainties. A measured value without traceability is not reliable.
"Traceability is the foundation for quality-assured measurements which is lacking in dynamic measurements today. As it stands, virtually all calibrations take place under static conditions. A certain pressure is set, we wait until it stabilizes and then compare the value from the measuring instrument with the standard", says Fredrik Arrhén.
"What we do know however is that measuring instruments often do not behave as stated in data sheets and manuals during rapid changes and events. The instruments take longer than promised to react to the changes and the measured values often fluctuates during the event. This can have major impact for the industries using the measuring instruments to provide the basis for decisions.", says Fredrik Arrhén.
Develops traceability
To establish traceability in dynamic measurements and to increase knowledge of the properties of measuring instruments during rapid changes, RISE runs several projects in areas such as pressure, force, torque and temperature.
"One example is the development of a shock tube, which we hope will be internationally accepted as a standard for dynamic pressure. Using the shock tube, it is possible to generate a pressure wave which properties we know with very low uncertainty. We also invest heavily in developing our collaboration with trade and industry to build knowledge and to direct our efforts based on their actual needs", said Fredrik Arrhén.
Projektet ska utveckla spårbarhet och tillförlitlighet hos optiska 3D-mätningar genom att utvärdera mätförmågan hos olika instrument och ta fram vägledningar kring val av mätinstrument och mätuppställning till industrin.
Optisk 3D-mätning är en teknik som använder ljus för att mäta och analysera ytors form och struktur och geometri hos olika objekt. Tekniken är mycket användbar inom flera områden, till exempel inom produktionsprocesser i tillverkningsindustrin och vid additiv tillverkning.
Finns utmaningar
Samtidigt finns utmaningar när det gäller spårbarhet och tillförlitlighet i mätningarna. Det finns en stor mängd olika mätinstrument på marknaden och det finns mängder av olika objekt tillverkade av olika material och med olika egenskaper att mäta. Det skiljer sig till exempel mellan olika material hur ytan på objektet och ljuset från mätinstrumentet interagerar och reflekteras vilket påverkar resultatet i mätningen. Mätningarna sker dessutom under varierande förutsättningar. Sammantaget gör detta att det är svårt att veta att den mätning man gjort ute i industrin faktiskt överensstämmer med verkligheten. Det saknas också vägledningar för användare inom industrin när det gäller val av mätinstrument eller mätuppställning för olika situationer och material.
Utvärderar mätförmågan
Projektet ska utveckla spårbarheten inom optisk 3D-mätning av dimension och ytstruktur. I ett första steg kommer mätförmågan hos olika typer av mätinstrument att utvärderas. Projektet kommer utveckla modeller för att kunna simulera interaktionen mellan ljus och objektets yta och ta fram verktyg och vägledningar kring val av mätinstrument och mätuppställning för att säkerställa spårbara mätningar med låg mätosäkerhet ute i industrin.
Projektet är ett samarbete mellan flera olika europeiska nationella metrologiska institut och leds av PTB i Tyskland.
Measurement of surface temperature is important in many industries, such as in the steel, medicine, and nuclear power industries. At the same time, it is difficult to calibrate sensors and the measurement uncertainty can be high. The project will improve the equipment for surface temperature calibrations at the National Laboratory for Temperature.
Calibrating sensors for surface temperature is simple in theory. The sensor to be calibrated is placed against a heated plate with a known and uniform surface temperature, and the sensor readings are then compared to the plate temperature. The National Laboratory for Temperature at RISE operates a surface temperature calibrator that is widely used for calibrations from room temperature up to 600 degrees.
Older model
The existing equipment is of an older model and the international comparisons in which the National Laboratory has participated show the need for improved equipment. The measurement uncertainty is relatively high, over three degrees at the highest temperatures. There are also requests for calibrations at higher temperatures than the existing equipment can handle.
Halved measurement uncertainty
The project will update the equipment at the National Laboratory so that it reaches a level that corresponds to that at the national metrology institutes that are at the forefront when it comes to surface temperature calibration. The new equipment will be able to operate at a higher temperature than today with a halved measurement uncertainty. In addition to meeting the need for calibration in industry and society in a better way, it will also bring more opportunities to participate in future research projects and comparison studies.
Name of service (page headline, shown in promos – maximum of 70 characters incl. spaces):Evaluation of components for fuel cells and electrolysersLead (include SEO-words and the main benefits for your target groups. Stick to one paragraph, maximum 2-3 sentences):
At the RISE research lab for fuel cells and electrolysers experts evaluate subcomponents such as membrane, electrodes, catalysts, bipolar plates. We also offer performance characterisation and accelerated stress tests and long term testning of single cells and short stacks.
Purpose/Benefit:
The aim of the testing is to support Swedish and international electrochemical industry in the development and improvement of electrochemical technologies.
Method (what/which methods are used to perform the service):
We perform theoretical as well as experimental investigations, and research projects (R&D-projects). Tests are performed at the RISE research lab in Borås, Sweden.
We primarily work experimentally within low temperature electrolysis and low temperature fuel cells. We can perform electrochemical characterisation and evaluation of materials, such as contact resistance measurements.
Delivery (what does the client get after performed service – e.g. a report, certificate etc.):
Delivery according to the customer's wishes.
We suggest that assignments and projects are presented through a report and oral presentation to the customer.
Delivery time:
Delivery time is decided based on a discussion between the customer and RISE.
Field measurements:NoPrice type:1Division:Division Safety and TransportPreparation:No preparation requiredCertification and marking:Not applicableType of service:Testing / Analysis / EvaluationInstrument:Not applicableGeneral area:Not applicableOrder information:Contact us and we will design according to your needs.
Syftet med projektet var att utvärdera den tekniska, praktiska och kommersiella genomförbarheten av en innovativ idé och metod för fukt- och läckagemätning med distribuerad fiberoptisk sensorteknik. Tekniken har potential att kunna övervaka över stora ytor och längder i byggnader och konstruktioner på ett mycket kostnadseffektivt sätt.
Målet med projektet var att påvisat teknisk och kommersiell tillämpbarhet för en innovativ idé för fukt- och läckagemätning över långa längder och stora ytor i träbyggnader. Idén baseras på en smart kabeldesign där den optiska förlusten i kabeln gö rs känslig för fukt eller vatteninträngning. Projektet har unde rsökt en prototyp i labbmiljö och kommit fram till att tekniken är lämplig. Dock fann vi även att att sensorkonceptet i nuläget inte är kommersiellt tillämpbart inom träbyggnadsbranchen.
Resultaten från labbförsöken visar entydigt att det är möjligt att detektera vatten. Genom att använda en Raman-OTDR har det även vistas att det är möjligt att loka lisera var vatten är i kontakt med sensorn. Genom att visa på att förlu sterna i sensorn inte beror nämnvärt på ljussignalens våglängd har vi visat att det är fritt att använda kommersiellt tillgängliga lågkostnadsljuskällor och detektorer.
Vi utredde behoven av en fibersensor i träbyggnadskonstruktioner genom besök på byggen men då behoven av en distribuerad mätteknik bedömdes som ringa inom träbyggnadsbranchen i nuläget gjordes inga fortsatta ansträngningar att utveckla koncept för installation. Utvecklingen av och testningen av en sensor i labbmiljö indikerar att fortsatt utvec kling av sensorn, eventuellt med fokus på detektion av andra ämnen än vatten, är mycket lovande.
Vi förlorar 15-20 procent av det producerade vattnet i våra svenska ledningsnät. På vårt kostnadsfria lunchwebbinarium den 6 oktober får du veta mer om digitalisering av VA-sektorn och mätteknikens viktiga roll för att minska vattenläckaget. Ta del ett konkret exempel från Tjörn som halverade sitt vattenläckage.
Lär dig mer om mätteknik på våra lunchwebbinarier
Vi erbjuder löpande kostnadsfria mättekniska lunchseminarier, om allt från mätosäkerhet, kvantmetrologi och standarder till mer specifika ämnen som GPS/GNSS och vattenläckage.
Lunchwebbinarium 6 oktober: Mätteknik mot vattenläckage
35-40 procent av det producerade vattnet i Tjörns kommun försvann i läckage, samtidigt som vattenverk och vattentorn nått sin kapacitet. Med smarta mätare och mätmetoder utvecklade av RISE, tillsammans med investeringar i ledningsnätet, har kommunen fått bättre kontroll och samtidigt halverat läckorna. På vårt kostnadsfria lunchwebbinarium den 6 oktober hör du forskaren Olle Penttinen berätta mer om digitalisering av VA-sektorn, vilken roll spårbar mätteknik kan ha för att minska vattenläckaget och vikten av att jobba med organisatoriska och beteendemässiga frågor parallellt med tekniken.
Webbinaret vänder sig till dig som till exempel arbetar inom VA, samhällsbyggnad eller mätteknik. Det passar också dig som är tekniskt intresserad och vill veta mer om hur bättre mätning kan bidra till en effektivare och mer hållbar vattenförsörjning.
Anmäl dig i högerspalten!
Lunchwebbinarium 1 december: Mäta lärande
Ger utbildningar och utvecklingsinsatser verkligen den effekt vi hoppas på? Hur mäter vi kunskap, förmåga och attityder som inte kan observeras direkt? Under denna lunchwebbinarium den 1 december ger vi en introduktion till hur effektmätning och psykometri kan göra det dolda mätbart. Med konkreta exempel belyser vi varför mätningens design är avgörande, vilka fallgropar som finns och hur piloter, enkäter och experiment kan ge evidens för klokare vägval, säkrare investeringar och verkligt lärande i organisationen.
Lunchwebbinarium 6 oktober: Mätteknik mot vattenläckage
